The Joint Stock Company Or Organization Commerce Essay

The Joint Stock Company Or Organization Commerce Essay Managers. Without the presence of these parties the company cannot run properly. Shareholders are the person who own share of stocks in an organization. In another word, the one who hold one or more than one shares in the company. They are also known as the stockholders. They have got rights to purchase and sell the share in or out the organization, rights to vote for the board and has power to take what assets remains after liquidation of a company. But they dont have rights to check the books of financial credit. Similarly, where as manager are the person who are the brain of an organization. All the success and failure of an organization depends upon the activities, ideas, knowledge, and experience of manger. In another word the person who use the management skills to control overall organization is known as manager. The manager has got power to monitor the performance and handle works to the lower members in an organization. Managers mainly focus to take lead in a competitive environment using different kinds of resources like capital, human, natural, intellectual and intangible. Living together in same building creates lots of problems. Likewise no one wants to be small in related to business. The most obvious problem that occurs in company is conflict in interest between shareholder (principal) and manger (agent). This problem usually arises when both the parties tries to maximize their benefits. Shareholder wants to see higher profit in the organization which in results they get dividends from it and manger wants to see higher revenue because more expenses can be made to gain benefit from them. For example if the company or shareholders said to manager to buy another building for business and manager can easily increase the rate and take rest of the money as their benefits which is expenses for the company or shareholders but company does not realise because it is in higher revenue. Both the parties have different attitude towards risks too. Shareholders do not want to bear huge amount of loss in the organization so they invest money in many organization. So, when one company might go to ends then rest of the money are still safe. Therefore their financial securities are not threatened. But managers financial security depends upon how well is an organization is running. Discussion According to the agency theory, the firm can be viewed as a nexus of contract between resources holders. An agency relationship takes palace when the more than one individual known as principal and employ one or more than one other individual called agents, to do certain task in the organization. This theory shows that it creates primary problem in an organization i.e. self-interested behaviour. If the market and the labour are poor outside the organization than the manger tries to increase their own benefit at the expenses of shareholder. Agents (manager) in the company knows more than the Principal (shareholders) so agents has got more chances in their own self-interest rather than the companys interest due to asymmetric information and insecurity. This theory also shows the principal agent relationship. Similarly, if the manager of a company own less than 100% of the organization common stock than the potential agency is formed. But if the company is sole proprietorship than the owner own self as a manager should manage to increase its benefits. So, following are reasons that create conflicts of interest that takeover between manager and the shareholders: Profit related pay Rise in share value Direct interference by shareholder Threats of takeover Managers can be more interested to take over the shareholders interest if shareholders did not monitor and take certain action to them. To reduce these kinds of problems shareholder must bring agency cost. Agency costs are those cost made by shareholders to bring managers in the right track or in another word to encourage manager to maximize shareholders revenue rather than their own self-interest. In order to monitor the activities of managers following activities should be done like: Performance based motivation plans The threat of firing The threat of takeover Controlling undesirable managerial behaviours Proper accountings Budget maximizing Codes of ethics Disclosure Shareholders should always be attentive towards the manager behaviour and activities because managers have better information of company than the shareholder so they can cleverly temp to use the firms assets of their own end. Some inactive share holders will go along with whatever management wants, some active shareholders have tried to influence management, but they often met with defeat. So, the pros and cons of this statement are as follows: PROS Flexible in capital market If the company is corporate than the investors can be easily attract because corporations ability to issue share is a strong point to sell those who wants to invest in the business. So the capital is easily access in the market. Power formation Corporate or joint stock company has got power structure and management form; shareholders, managers, Board of directors. Each of them has got their own rights, duties and responsibilities which help to keep organization in control. Owner have limited liability According to the law the corporation is a separate business. Members of corporate company cannot be held personally until the legal formalities are completed. So the owners are protected from legal liability. Infinite life corporate company has got infinite life unless the company goes to bankrupt or unless it is compound by other company or people. CONS Cost and time Running these kinds of corporation organization it consume lots of cost and time which is not a good aspect of an organization. Similarly having the problems between shareholder and manger can create huge problems while preparing different legal documents and fees must be paid to the secretary of state office. Follow lots of legal formalities According to law a corporate company is a separate entity, independent of owners where different corporate formalities should be ensured. The formalities like handling regular meeting, keeping records of activities, financial records etc. Double Taxation In this kind of corporation the shareholders are exposed to pay double taxation. It means that corporation itself is taxed from the any profit of the business earned plus the any other shareholder who earns profit in the form of dividend is also taxed. Similarly the board of directors are the person who lead and control overall organization using their skills, experience and knowledge. They also act as a link between the manger and the shareholders. The board of directors main purpose is to certify the companys success by monitoring the companies affairs and providing appropriate interest to shareholders and stakeholders. The roles of board of directors are shaping the companys aim and plans, monitoring, handling meeting with effective objectives, solving the financial issues. They are the individual who are been elected by the board of members. They are also sometimes known as board of trustees, board of governors, board of manager. There are different duties that the board of directors should follow in the corporate company which are described below: Fiduciary duty Under the fiduciary duty the board of directors enhance the firms profitability, avoid conflict between the share holders and the managers, act as a good belief in the best interest of the company. Duty of care under this section the board of directors do what a normal wise person would do under same position. Using skills, knowledge, experience the directors takes good decisions. Business judgements rules are held. Duty of loyalty and fair dealing in this section the board of directors makes a decisions which act in the interest of company beside acting interest of owner which means interest of shareholders are given first priority. It is often called as self-dealing transactions. Duty of disclosure Under this section the disclosure to shareholders are provided in two cases i.e. when shareholders are asked to vote and when there is conflict of interest transaction. So, those were the duties of board of directors to make a balance in the organization and to monitor the different activities of manger and to control the problems in conflict of interest between shareholders and mangers. It is an important aspect of good corporate governance that board will, in its turn, be accountable to shareholder and provide them with relevant information so that good decision can take place. CONCLUSION Corporate governance is just as related to a family-owned business as to one with a diverse shareholders support, and just as related to a public limited company as to a state-owned enterprise. Whatever is the form of business but the good corporate governance organization helps to make a business long-lasting controlling its internal disputes, management structures, performance of a organization, plans and policies and complete reflection of shareholder and manger interest. Similarly, it can be clearly seen from the above discussion that the board of directors can make a huge contribution between the principal and agent problem. To control such conflict of interest between shareholders and managers the board of directors should use the leadership skills and the monitoring power in the corporate governance or Joint Stock Company.

Are Zoos Internment Camps for Animals Essay

Majority of people are familiar with the popular animation movie, Madagascar. The plot includes four spoiled zoo animals that escape to the wild and quickly find out that it’s not what they expected. Now this movie has quite the comedic take on a much bigger issue: whether the zoo is an internment camp for animals that should be shut down or not. Zoos are seen as a tourist attraction while the animals are used for the entertainment. Honestly ponder this question: who didn’t want to go to the zoo as a child and see Bobo the famous seal do silly yet entertaining tricks? The concept of the zoo takes away animal’s natural instincts to live in the wild; however, it is understandable if an animal or a certain species that’s close to extinction is taken in by zoo care. Therefore, zoos are an internment camp for those animals that are capable of taking care of their selves in the wild and aren’t for those that are in need of care and close to extinction. Re gardless of how much effort is put into recreating an animal’s specific habitat, it will never be the same. Orcas for example, would have to swim the circumference of SeaWorld’s main pool 1,900 times in ONE day to replicate the 100 miles they swim everyday in the vast oceans (â€Å"8 Reasons Orcas Don’t Belong at SeaWorld†). Due to such a small habitat, orcas are forced to live and perform next to other whales either equal if not bigger than them. This results in anxiety and tension between the orcas which causes them to fight. A factor such as fighting can lead to early, unexpected deaths in parks and zoos. Animals die prematurely in zoos. African elephants in the wild live more than three times as long as those kept in zoos. Even Asian elephants working in timber camps live longer than those born in zoos (â€Å"10 Facts about Zoos†). Animals were created to live in the wild so, naturally when born into a zoo their natural instincts aren’t developed. If there is ever a case when an animal would have to be released back to the wild from a zoo, the animal wouldn’t necessarily be as prepared as it would have been actually growing up in the wild. The most important  aspect of zoo captivity is the process of being taken away from families and from freedom. The animals cannot run, roam, climb, hunt, forage, choose a partner, or be with others of their species (â€Å"Entertainment Issues: Captive Creatures†). Humans tend to forget that we have relation to animals due to our evolution and complexity especially when it comes to feelings; however, there is no bond stronger than that of a family bond. Captivity can bring a sense of loneliness, yet that void could be filled with the animal’s family†¦that in some cases won’t be there. It is understood that a zoo keeps animals safe. This is true to an extent. Over a six month period, six animals died at the National Zoo due to the misuse of harsh chemicals to kill off rats (â€Å"Entertainment Issues: Captive Creatures†). In the wild, this domestic issue would not have been a problem. A zoo can only keep animals safe for so long without hurting them, which is by shielding them from the animal that they really are in this world. This â€Å"shield† will eventually cause animals to lose their nature all together. It’s possible to give zoos the benefit of the doubt when it comes to taking care of endangered species. Still not letting zoos off the hook yet, extensive research has to be put into the species before taking the animals in. Even after that research has been put in who’s to say that that particular zoo is capable of handling such a creature. There are still many hidden possibilities such as micromanaging the endangered animals in their habit, habitat restoration, or assisted reproduction just to name a few. An animal’s life should only be confined if its circumstances are so unmanageable that zoos need to take a small step in and take care of the struggling animal(s). Consider being that animal in the zoo that’s told what to do every day of their lives, held in the same place, forced to b e with an incompatible mate, and trained to do tricks made for domestic animals. Think of being taken from the infinite blue oceans and moved to artificial pool sized tank. It isn’t â€Å"the pampered life† that zoos make it out to be. It is up to humans, who are aware of conditions of zoos behind the scenes, to ensure that the animals that are in captivity or are an endangered species receive the utmost efficient quality, care, and compassion possible.

The Alamo

The movie started out with Sam Houston attempting to talk individuals into miming to Texas, promising them 640 acres of their choosing, but there was no mention of receiving a League of Land. The movie did a good job on depicting the habits of the characters, showing their attitudes and drinking habits. It also showed how concerning Travis was about his uniform. There was no mention of Daniel Cloud being the one to ring the bell; instead it mentioned someone spotting the Mexican Army while they were Norte to the Alamo.Within 24 hours of Santa Ana arriving, he sent a courier under a hit flag to negotiate surrender which was not shown in the movie. It did however show Bowie ride out to negotiate, and Travis firing the cannon in anger. Shortly into the siege it did show Bowie becoming sick from consumption, eventually becoming bedridden because of it. There was only a brief reading from Trivia's ‘Victory or Death† letter with no mention of the P. S. At the end of the letter. The movie showed a small Mexican detachment fire at the Alamo to size up the forces within.When the decision to burn the village was sought UT, in the movie it showed Davys Crockett by himself setting the village ablaze. In the movie there was no mention of one of the 32 men that came to the aide of the Alamo being shot by friendly fire as they were approaching the mission. On the Mexican side of the battle, Santa Ana said he was waiting for Sam Houston to enter the Alamo to attack, with no mention that they were actually waiting for the larger cannon.During Trivia's speech to his men, he didn't specifically mention the fact that Fanning was not coming and when he was knishes with it he didn't do the sword in sand. In the book it was only said that the Mexican band played the song on the morning of the attack, however in the movie the played it every morning. During the Mexican assault on the Alamo, in the movie there was not 3 distinct attacks just one large one. Trivia's â€Å"T he Mexicans are upon us, give them hell† was not shown in the movie before he was killed.Davys Crockett was shown as the only survivor of the Alamo, and there was no mention of Emily Dickinson. During the Battle of San Action there were quite a few quite few things that were off in the movie from the historical facts of the battle, from the location of the bridge, who was set in first, and placement of the Calvary. There was also no mention of TX Rusk informing Sam Houston that they had Santa Ana, but it did show Santa Ana in the lesser uniform. Overall the film was very well done and showed most of the historical facts about the Alamo, and was suspenseful enough to keep anyone's attention.The actual historical facts should have been a little more researched and hon. more distinct fully, such as when Travis did the â€Å"Sword in the Sand† speech. In the movie where it showed Travis dispatching Caps Segueing, Travis told Segueing that he chose him due to his knowledge o f the area. After doing a little research I discovered that Caps. Segueing was voted to deliver the letter to Houston despite Travis wanting him to stay for his knowledge of Mexican Customs and for the fact that he spoke the language. Anytime a movie is made such as â€Å"The Alamo† utmost attention to detail should be taken for factorization.

Asteroid Mining is Becoming a Reality - 1941 Words

The issue of asteroid mining used to seem out-of-this-world metaphorically and literally, but today, the issue is slowly becoming reality. As technology and research progress, the pros and cons of asteroid mining have become more apparent. One issue is the way minerals and metals from asteroids will be treated on the market because first, a company or industry must â€Å"claim† an asteroid as theirs for mining. Therefore the questions start appearing, is that ethical, moral, legal? By looking at the gasoline extraction industry and comparing it to the asteroid mining industry, hopefully it will give humanity a glimpse of what could happen if asteroid mining ensues. To better understand the asteroid mining industry, a brief understanding of how asteroids are composed and useful is essential. Asteroids are pieces of rock, mineral, and metal in a compact form. There are an indefinite amount of asteroids in our solar system today and about 9,000-10,000 known around Earth. The exploration of asteroids has found that they contain trillions of dollars worth of minerals and metals including gold, silver, platinum, iron, nickel, water, and hydrogen. These valuable metals, for example platinum, is available up to grades 100 ppm on asteroids, whereas the mines in South Africa contain 5 to 10ppm (Sonter.) Because of the amount of available resources and the quality at which the resources can be found are the obvious reasons why this industry may explode. Asteroid mining is the extraction ofShow MoreRelatedAsteroid Exploration And Utilization By George Botbyl1644 Words   |  7 Pagesis nearing depletion of its natural resources at a time when human beings are rapidly expanding the frontiers of space. The resources which may exist on asteroids could have enormous potential for aiding and enhancing human space exploration as well as life on Earth. With the possibly limitless opportunities that exist, it is clear that asteroids are the next step for human existence in space. The resources of the Earth are not infinite, in fact, some are depletable within the next several decadesRead MoreNasa Announced The End Of The Shuttle Program2109 Words   |  9 Pagespayloads are launched by Arianespace. There exists yet unrealized opportunities in commercial spaceflight. Virgin Galactic, SpaceX, and other companies are offering to fly tourists to space for hefty fees. As mining depletes supplies of rare metals and materials on earth, mining of asteroids and minor planets will become the only way to obtain these materials and will be a very lucrative endeavor Pricing/Cost The current cost of sending payloads into orbit is still quite high. When it was in operation